Report for rule docu_fenames_annotated doc -> ALL OF {dId = trfn3.tex, dState = (1,1), } OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Like its predecessor, this version explains how frame elements are marked relative to targets of different POS, including the treatment of unrealized frame elements and the assignment of grammatical function and phrase type labels to marked constituents.), position = [RefEnv (document), RefEnv (abstract)], } word -> constituents function treatment type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Newly added sections of the manual explain the process of frame development; discuss the idea of coreness statuses and frame element relations; and present the major types of extra-thematic frame elements.), position = [RefEnv (document), RefEnv (abstract)], } word -> element process OR1 , 2 , {dId = Chap-FNIntro3.tex, dState = (1,1), } OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (Formally, FrameNet annotations are constellations of triples that make up the frame element realization for each annotated sentence, each consisting of a frame element for example, Food , a ), position = [RefChapter (Introduction to the Project)], } word -> Food element sentence OR1 , 2 , {content = Text ( say, Object and a ), position = [RefChapter (Introduction to the Project)], } word -> Object OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (We think of these three types of annotation on each tagged frame element as layers and they are displayed as such in the annotation software used in the project.), position = [RefChapter (Introduction to the Project)], } word -> element project OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The annotation of running text is technically possible thanks to the annotation layering technique: FN lexicographers can one by one declare each word in a sentence a target, select a frame relative to which the new target is to be annotated, get a new set of annotation layers frame element, grammatical function, phrase type and appropriate frame element tags, and then annotate the relevant constituents.), position = [RefChapter (Introduction to the Project)], } word -> constituents element function new sentence set target text type OR1 , 2 , {dId = Chap-FrameDevel.tex, dState = (1,1), } OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (All LUs in a frame must have the same number and types of frame elements in both explicit and implicit NI contexts.), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> number OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Number\ If the number of essential, syntactically prominent frame elements differs from LU to LU or from sentence to sentence, this generally suggests that the frame should be split so that each resulting frame captures the difference.), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> Number difference number sentence OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In addition, we have used the idea that a construction can suppress the realization of a conceptually present frame element to account for the deleted objects in the Recipe construction, e.g.), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> construction element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Type\ The basic semantic type for a frame element ought to be broadly constant across uses.), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> Type element type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In some cases, however, we still want to recognize a relationship between frame elements whose syntactic form suggests that they refer to ontologically different kinds of entities.), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> entities form relationship OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (, some of the target's complement types are appropriate to the ontological category of the frame element while others that are metonymically related are not, we normally create two distinct frame elements and relate them to each other via the Excludes relation for which, see section ), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> category element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (However, at this point, we cannot yet implement the concept of an abstract proto- or macro-frame element, which could generalize over the actually occurring FE types.), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefFootnote], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (It allows the right frame element to frame element relations because in some cases, related frames will allow only one of the metonymically or otherwise related frame elements.), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element right OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Having distinct frame elements also facilitates finding data to study Pustejovskian coercions.), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> finding OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (And finally, it makes the annotation task easier if the clear ontological distinction is maintained as a frame element distinction.), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element task OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (As with the number and type of frame elements, the requirement that the same subevents are entailed for all lexical units also argues for separating causatives and inchoatives, since the former class involves an extra causing subevent that the latter class lacks.), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> class number requirement subevent type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (Consider, for instance, the fact that the ), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> fact instance OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (have a relationship to different participants: a ), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> participants relationship OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text ( The difference in the orientation of the ), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> difference orientation OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (frame element parallels the difference in perspective that we noted above and supports the need for a frame distinction for ), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> difference element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (However, the desideratum that all the LUs in a frame share pre-specifications on a frame element is often relaxed in practice, as it would result in very fine-grained frames that are impractical to manage.), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element practice result OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Sentence 7 is centered on the inchoative harden , but combines it with the extra-thematic frame element Cause , expressed by the phrase due to the hydration of the cement , which composes to a causative scenario.), position = [RefChapter (Frame Development)], } word -> Cause Sentence element OR1 , 2 , {dId = Chap-WhatGetsAnnotated.tex, dState = (1,1), } OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (But in FrameNet's current practice the four core annotation layers are the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Introduction)], } word -> practice OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (, frame element FE , grammatical function GF , and phrase type PT layers.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Introduction)], } word -> element function type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (On the first, the parts of the target predicate are marked while on the latter three, labels are applied to the constituents expressing the frame elements of the target.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Introduction)], } word -> constituents parts predicate target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Annotation of running text is technically possible thanks to the annotation layering technique: FN lexicographers can one by one declare each word in a sentence a target, select a frame relative to which the new target is to be annotated, get a new set of annotation layers frame element, grammatical function, phrase type and appropriate frame element tags, and then annotate the relevant constituents.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Introduction)], } word -> constituents element function new sentence set target text type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (We do not annotate constituents that are understood only through context as referring to the filler of a particular frame element role.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Introduction), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> constituents context element role OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (For instance, in example 3 above, the preposition ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Introduction), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> instance OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (frame element, on Peter Pan .), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Introduction), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Each dependent is annotated for Frame Element identity, Phrase Type, and Grammatical Function relative to the target LU.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Introduction), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> Element Function Type dependent target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (, we also sometimes apply frame element labels on a secondary frame element annotation layer that are not paired with Phrase Type and Grammatical Function labels.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Introduction), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefFootnote], } word -> Function Type element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (, that is, relative to a referring expression that is a frame element of a frame determined not by itself but by a governor), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Introduction), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element expression OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (We tag whole constituents that realize frame elements relative to our target words, rather than just tagging the head words of these constituents.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> constituents target whole OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (A consequence of this is that many frame element labels cover words that have no direct relation of their own to the target, but only to the head of their constituent.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> consequence element target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (For instance, when a frame element is expressed by a noun which takes adjectival, prepositional or clausal complements or which is modified by such elements, these complements and modifiers are included in the frame element tag.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element instance OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (and the whole NP it heads; in 6 , we tag both the noun ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> whole OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (-PP is part of the frame element that is tagged.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element part OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (An important consequence of this analysis is the annotation of subjects of support verbs as frame elements relative to the noun.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> consequence support OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In general, we select sentences for annotation where, with the exception of subjects, all frame elements are realized locally by constituents that are part of the maximal phrase headed by the target word.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> constituents part target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (However, from a lexicographic point of view it is more useful to directly report what the semantic properties of the fillers of particular Frame Elements are, rather than to ask users to employ additional tools to establish lexical antecedents or valence fillers.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> tools OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (For most targets, frame elements are marked only on a single frame element layer.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Under two kinds of circumstances, however, we record frame elements on an additional, secondary frame element layer.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> circumstances element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Technically, it is possible to have more than one additional frame element layer but this capability is almost never used in practice.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefFootnote], } word -> element practice OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The first type of situation for which second-layer annotation is used is frame element conflation , when a phrase that directly expresses one frame element also allows inferences about a second frame element.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element situation type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (on the first frame element annotation layer and as ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Notice that when a core frame element, such as ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (In the modified sentence ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> sentence OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (frame element is marked as null-instantiated rather than applied to the constituent ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } {content = Text (on a second frame element layer.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Note that frame element conflation is the only context where FN annotation marks phrases that are only inferred, rather than grammatically guaranteed, to express information about frame elements.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> context element information OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (the referent of the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> referent OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (frame element has to be expressed again as a possessive determiner in the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (frame element and we tag the possessive on the second frame element layer with another instance of the frame element ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element instance OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (, the subject NP ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> subject OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (is marked as Experiencer on the second frame element layer.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> Experiencer element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In all cases, a label applied on the second layer is always co-extensive with, or contained in the boundaries of a label on the first FE layer; no word or constituent can be covered by a frame element label on the second layer alone.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element label OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Finally, secondary frame element layers are never accompanied by grammatical function or phrase type layers; GF and PT layers are available only for first layer annotation.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element function type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The combination of our surface-oriented annotation and our commitment to providing grammatical function and phrase type information about the phrases that fill frame element roles causes some problems in the case of discontinuous frame elements .), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> case commitment element function information type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (For instance, with wh-extraction out of a frame element such as ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element instance OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (This and other cases of discontinuous frame element realization are discussed below in section ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (A core frame element is one that instantiates a conceptually necessary component of a frame, while making the frame unique and different from other frames.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> component element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (are all core frame elements, because an avenging event necessarily includes these participants.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> event participants OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In determining which frame elements are considered core, we also consider some formal properties that provide evidence for core status.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> evidence status OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (A frame element which, when omitted, receives a definite interpretation, is also core.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (For instance, when the verb arrive is used only with a ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> instance OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (-subject, as in John arrived, a particular ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> subject OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (location that the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> location OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (reaches still has to be understood in the context.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> context OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (, therefore, must be a core frame element.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (A frame element whose semantics cannot be predicted from its form, in particular from any marking prepositions, ought to be core since its interpretation completely depends on the target.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element form target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (A frame element that has no formal marking should be core.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Thus, frame elements that can be subject or object in a simple active sentence ought to be core since these slots host frame elements of many different kinds and knowing that something is a subject or object is not particularly informative.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> host object sentence subject OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (has both a subject and an object.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> object subject OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (A frame element that has idiosyncratic formal marking should also be core.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (occurs in many different frames; as a marker of ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> marker OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (frame elements it is totally unremarkable and does not suggest core status for these FEs.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> status OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( Frame elements that do not introduce additional, independent or distinct events from the main reported event are characterized as peripheral.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> event OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text ( Extra-thematic frame elements situate an event against a backdrop of another state of affairs, either of an actual event or state of the same type, as illustrated with ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> event state type OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (, or by evoking a larger frame within which the reported state of affairs is embedded, as shown for ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> state OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The frame hierarchy that is under construction offers another way to think about the status of extra-thematic frame elements.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness), RefFootnote], } word -> construction status OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Note that, as shown by 12 , the native frame of the extra-thematic frame element need not be evoked by lexical material, it may simply be evoked constructionally.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> element material OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( The view of extra-thematic frame elements presented here entails that these frame elements are necessarily the same across all the `host' frames in which they appear.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> host OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (For an overview of the most frequently occurring extra-thematic frame elements, the reader is referred to Appendix ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> reader OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (It is assigned to FEs that behave like core frame elements in the frame where they are marked as Core-unexpressed but which, counter to expectation, may not be used for annotation in descendants of that frame.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> expectation OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (frame element in the Intentionally_act frame, which is exemplified in 13 .), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (However, in the child frames the frame element is absorbed by the lexical units in the frame and cannot be separately expressed.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> child element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (Marking the frame element ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (parent frame allows us to keep the frames that are lower in the hierarchy from including an inherited FE which for any lexical unit in the frame could at most be annotated on the target itself, but never be expressed separately.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> target unit OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In such cases, typically there is just one core frame element which is marked on the target word.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Coreness)], } word -> element target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In providing a semantic analysis of the combinatorial possibilities of our target predicates--rather than one stated only in terms of phrase types and grammatical relations--we have observed that in an important sense frame elements are not independent of each other.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations)], } word -> possibilities target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Frame elements are related to the frame and required by it, as well as interrelated directly in a number of ways.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations)], } word -> number required OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The three types of frame element relations that we recognize are discussed in sections ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (discusses some respects in which the current treatment of frame element sets needs further refinement.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations)], } word -> element treatment OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (By contrast, omission of the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Coreness Sets)], } word -> contrast OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (frame is not related to the presence or absence of any other frame element.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Coreness Sets)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The sentence ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Coreness Sets)], } word -> sentence OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In this situation, we mark a ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Requires)], } word -> situation OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (relation occurs in almost all frames that have a construal alternation between a symmetric construal, when a single frame element name is used, and an asymmetric construal, when two frame elements with names of the are used.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Requires)], } word -> element name OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The two construals are incompatible since there is only one subject slot and the frame elements ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Excludes)], } word -> subject OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Another clear instance of the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Excludes)], } word -> instance OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (frame element and the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Excludes)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (are thus clearly interrelated but only one of them can appear as a dependent of a target in the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Excludes)], } word -> dependent target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Frame elements that exclude each other may co-occur in an annotation set if they appear on separate annotation layers.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Excludes)], } word -> set OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text ( In 26 , information about the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Excludes)], } word -> information OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (frame element in a prepositional phrase dependent of the noun ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Excludes)], } word -> dependent element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (In 27 , the two sides of the discussion, ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Excludes)], } word -> sides OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (frame element.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Excludes)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The treatment of frame element relations sketched in the preceding sections is adequate for a large number of frames.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> element number treatment OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (One problem is that we have no explicit treatment of the idea of proto-frame elements , of which other frame elements are more specialized expressions.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> problem treatment OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Instead we would make reference to a superordinate frame element call it ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (Likewise in 29 , where B answers a question about a new employee, we would prefer to use a superordinate frame element which might be named ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> element employee new question use OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (in this case , rather than choosing among the frame elements ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> case OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (for constructional null instantiation relative to the predicate ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> predicate OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( Having an explicit representation of proto-frame elements would also be useful in dealing with certain linguistic expressions that seem to instantiate the superordinate proto-frame element rather than one of its more specific manifestations.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> element representation OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (A proto-frame element ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (would provide the most adequate treatment.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> treatment OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( Another use for Proto-frame elements involves inheritance relations.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> use OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In a deeper sense, however, inheriting only one member of a frame element set should be permitted on the understanding of inheritance as subtyping.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> element member set OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (If we state the frame element restriction on inheritance so that it pays attention only to the most generic level of FEs, then mappings from subsidiary FEs are allowable, but not required.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> element level required state OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The current treatment of coreness requires that all frame elements that can occupy the subject position be marked as core frame elements.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> position subject treatment OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (frame elements having core status and further being part of a ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> part status OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (However, were there a separate way of representing the fact that English allows frame elements that are situated between the end-points of a causal chain to occur as subjects, it would not be necessary to give ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> fact OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (core status.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element relations), RefSection (Future refinements)], } word -> status OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The name of the frame element is given in square brackets and the frame of the target is given in parentheses.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Null instantiation)], } word -> element name target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( Not all cases of frame element omission are alike.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Null instantiation)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (frame, all lexical units happen to allow the frame element ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Null instantiation), RefSection (Indefinite Null Instantiation INI :)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (Notice the tab to the right of the frame element ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Null instantiation), RefSection (Indefinite Null Instantiation INI :)], } word -> element right OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (in the picture, which shows that the FE was omitted under definite null instantiation.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Null instantiation), RefSection (Indefinite Null Instantiation INI :)], } word -> picture OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (some cases, information about two frame elements is expressed in a single constituent, a situation we call ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element conflation)], } word -> information situation OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (We also find examples of frame element conflation in the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element conflation)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (frame element, as seen in the following example: ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element conflation)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (realizes the frame element ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element conflation)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (, the person who suffered the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element conflation)], } word -> person OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( Note that there is never a phrase type or grammatical function indicated for the frame elements on the secondary FE layer.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element conflation)], } word -> function indicated type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( In such cases, we tag the possessive on the second layer with the same frame element label that is applied on the first annotation layer to the object of the verb.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Frame element conflation)], } word -> element label object OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In general, we select sentences for annotation where, with the exception of subjects, we find all frame elements realized by constituents that are part of the maximal phrase headed by the target word.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Syntactic locality)], } word -> constituents part target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (There are two types of situations in which we annotate non-local constituents with frame element labels.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Syntactic locality)], } word -> constituents element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In each case the motivation for annotating constituents that bear no syntactic relation to the target is lexicographic: the non-local constituents contain lexical material and as such are of interest to the study of collocations since they provide more information about the semantic type of the frame element than the locally occurring co-indexed phrases or empty elements do.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Syntactic locality)], } word -> case constituents element information material motivation target type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The control or raising predicate that guarantees the interpretation of the non-local noun phrase as a frame element of the target appears in typewriter font.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Syntactic locality)], } word -> element predicate target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( The second case in which we annotate clearly non-local constituents with frame element labels concerns targets that occur inside relative clauses.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Syntactic locality)], } word -> case constituents element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Here our policy is to tag not only the constituent containing the relativizer if there is one as a frame element but to also repeat the FE/GF/PT triple on the antecedent, and to further mark the relative word and the antecedent phrase on the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Syntactic locality)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (When the target noun is the antecedent for a relative phrase that is an argument of a verb annnotated as a governor, we split the antecedent and relative phrases in the same ways as illustrated for cases of normal frame element annotation and also apply ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Syntactic locality)], } word -> element target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (In the case of ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Governing verbs of target nouns, adjectives, and prepositions)], } word -> case OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (, it would have been theoretically justifiable to omit selecting phrases outside of the standard subcategorization frame of the target noun and to instead rely on automatic tools for syntactic analysis to identify phrases outside the target's maximal projection that give information about the filler of a frame element role.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Governing verbs of target nouns, adjectives, and prepositions)], } word -> element information role standard target tools OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (While these predicates introduce a distinct event from that of the target, they do share a frame element with the event of the target.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Governing verbs of target nouns, adjectives, and prepositions), RefSection (Controllers)], } word -> element event target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (s of noun targets the shared frame element is typically the subject of the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Governing verbs of target nouns, adjectives, and prepositions), RefSection (Controllers)], } word -> element subject OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (s of adjectives of the shared frame element is typically the object of the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Governing verbs of target nouns, adjectives, and prepositions), RefSection (Controllers)], } word -> element object OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The constituent expressing that shared participant is labeled with a frame element relative to the noun target.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Governing verbs of target nouns, adjectives, and prepositions), RefSection (Controllers)], } word -> element participant target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text ( In 70 the complex NP ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Governing verbs of target nouns, adjectives, and prepositions), RefSection (Controllers)], } word -> complex OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (frame element of the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Governing verbs of target nouns, adjectives, and prepositions), RefSection (Controllers)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Any frame elements of the frame evoked by the artifact noun that are realized within the X-phrase are annotated with frame elements as usual.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Governing verbs of target nouns, adjectives, and prepositions), RefSection (X-Governors)], } word -> artifact OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (There are two cases: multiple separate instances of the same frame element, as when several Path segments are described for a motion event Josh ran ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Discontinuous frame elements)], } word -> Path element event OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( and right up to Bill's barn ; a single instance of a frame element is realized in two discontinuous pieces, rather than as a single constituent.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Discontinuous frame elements)], } word -> element instance pieces right OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( The FrameNet treatment does not assume any syntactic derivation of such structures from underlying forms where there is only a single, contiguous frame element.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Discontinuous frame elements), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element treatment OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Since the prepositional passive construction is specifically geared towards selecting a non-core frame element as subject, we assign the fronted subject NP the grammatical function Ext and the phrase type NP, while the remaining preposition is tagged like a normal prepositional phrase with grammatical function Dep and phrase type PP.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Lexicographically motivated annotation and representation practices), RefSection (Discontinuous frame elements), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> construction element function subject type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (frame elements the conceptually necessary participants of the frame that a syntactic governor evokes find syntactic expression in the sentence as separate immediate syntactic dependents of the governor.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with verbs as targets), RefSection (Easy cases)], } word -> expression participants sentence OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Under such circumstances, we simply annotate each of the syntactic dependents for the three kinds of information: Frame Element that is, semantic role , Grammatical Function, and Phrase Type.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with verbs as targets), RefSection (Easy cases)], } word -> Element Function Type circumstances information role OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The separation of layers makes it possible to represent many complex situations, such as when the constituent that realizes one frame element is contained within the constituent that realizes another, or when the semantic and syntactic constituency don't match.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with verbs as targets), RefSection (Easy cases)], } word -> complex element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The names of the layers appear in the left-most column of the bottom frame: FE Frame Element ; GF Grammatical Function ; and PT Phrase Type ; Other labels that deal with a small set of special syntactic constructions ; and Verb a layer named after, and with labels specific to, the part-of-speech of the target ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with verbs as targets), RefSection (Easy cases)], } word -> Element Function Type set target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( In practice, annotators only need to apply a Frame Element label; Grammatical Function and Phrase Type are derived algorithmically based on position relative to the verb and patterns of part-of-speech labels, but may require manual correction.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with verbs as targets), RefSection (Easy cases)], } word -> Element Function Type label position practice OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (However, having a purpose doesn't usually distinguish types of actions and so ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with verbs as targets), RefSection (Easy cases)], } word -> purpose OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (is often a non-core frame element, as in the following example: ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with verbs as targets), RefSection (Easy cases)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (We define support verbs as those verbs that combine with a state noun or an event noun to create a verbal predicate, allowing arguments of the verb to fill the slots of the frame elements of the frame evoked by the noun.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Special governors), RefSection (Support expressions)], } word -> event predicate state support OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (as a Support verb allows us to annotate its subject as the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Special governors), RefSection (Support expressions)], } word -> Support subject OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (frame element.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Special governors), RefSection (Support expressions)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (However, a frame element of the target noun that a support verb expresses does not have to be realized as the subject of the Support verb.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Special governors), RefSection (Support expressions)], } word -> Support element subject support target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Objects and other complements of support verbs may also express frame elements of the target word.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Special governors), RefSection (Support expressions)], } word -> support target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The practice of annotating support verbs not only allows us to annotate their subjects as frame elements.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Special governors), RefSection (Support expressions)], } word -> practice support OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Note that normally we only tag the causee, e.g., the object of give or put , as a frame element of the frame evoked by the target.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Special governors), RefSection (Support expressions), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element object target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Additionally, we tag the subject of the support verb when it fills a frame element role that is also part of the basic frame.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Special governors), RefSection (Support expressions), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element part role subject support OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (This is the case, for instance, for the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Special governors), RefSection (Support expressions), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> case instance OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (frame element occurring with the noun ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Special governors), RefSection (Support expressions), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem ()], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The treatment of causative frame elements is not quite satisfactory in that with certain support verb+noun combinations, a frame element that is peripheral ends up occupying a core syntactic slot, as is the case for us in i and for ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Special governors), RefSection (Support expressions), RefEnv (itemize), RefItem (), RefFootnote], } word -> case element support treatment OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( Finally, notice that in accordance with their status as syntactic governors for target nouns, support expressions are not tagged with frame element labels.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Special governors), RefSection (Support expressions)], } word -> element status support target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (is present, then the constituent representing the shared participant, typically the subject of the Controller, is annotated with a frame element label relative to the noun target.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Special governors), RefSection (Controllers)], } word -> element label participant subject target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Note that in the context of noun-noun compounds, we never annotate the head noun as a frame element of a frame that may be evoked by the non-head .), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Noun Compounds)], } word -> context element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Thus, for a compound like weapons treaty we annotate weapons as a frame element relative to the noun treaty which belongs to a Documents frame , but we do not annotate treaty as a frame element relative to weapons.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Noun Compounds)], } word -> Documents element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (We consider as accidental any compounds in which the head noun superficially looks as if it fills a frame element role in a frame evoked by the non-head.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Noun Compounds)], } word -> element role OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (as a frame element of the non-head ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Noun Compounds)], } {content = Text (frame element in the ), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Noun Compounds)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (even without quantification, there are no reliable clues from definiteness marking about how frame elements of a target noun are contextually known.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Null Instantiation with Noun Targets)], } word -> target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (is a core frame element.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Null Instantiation with Noun Targets)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Basically, it seems to be the case that there are no frame-evoking nouns that always require the expression of some or all of their frame elements.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Null Instantiation with Noun Targets)], } word -> case expression OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Still, there are situations where it is clear that a particular frame element has to be interpreted as omitted under DNI.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Null Instantiation with Noun Targets)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( Likewise, when an event noun projects a finite clause in combination with a support verb and the event is not construed generically, FN records frame elements that have to be recoverable in the discourse or the discourse setting as DNI.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Null Instantiation with Noun Targets)], } word -> event support OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (frame element in example 133 , which refers to a specific occasion of entering, but keep no record, not even INI, of the frame element in the habitual sentence 134 .), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Null Instantiation with Noun Targets)], } word -> element occasion sentence OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( While there may be other constructional and interpretational contexts in which a non-realized frame element of a target noun clearly receives a DNI interpretation, we currently only record DNI for noun targets in the above two cases: for specifically referring relational nouns and event nouns that are used in finite clauses with support verbs to refer to specific occasions.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with nouns as targets), RefSection (Null Instantiation with Noun Targets)], } word -> element event support target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (These adjectives are not frame-bearing, at least not in a way that is concrete enough to allow for a clear definition of a scenario and of a set of frame elements.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with adjectives as targets), RefSection (Relational modification)], } word -> set OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (may appear as frame elements of event nouns when the latter project clauses in combination with support verbs.), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with adverbs as targets), RefFootnote], } word -> event project support OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (However, in a considerable number of frames, prepositions occur as semantically inactive markers of frame elements with some of the lexical units, as illustrated in 146 and 147 .), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation with prepositions as targets)], } word -> number OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( In several frames containing artifact nouns, we also have defined some frame elements reflecting a kind of), position = [RefChapter (FrameNet Annotation), RefSection (Annotation relative to slot fillers)], } word -> artifact OR1 , 2 , {dId = Chap-PTs.tex, dState = (1,1), } OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Initially, the emphasis of FN annotation was on what was most relevant to lexical descriptions, namely the core and peripheral frame elements of target words.), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types)], } word -> target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Over time, annotation experience required broadening the range of elements we annotate to include extra-thematic frame elements.), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types)], } word -> experience required time OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Such frame elements evoke frames that are distinct from the one evoked by the target, and typically embed the target frame in a larger scenario cf.), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types)], } word -> target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Finally, note that there are two cases in which frame element labels are not paired with grammatical function and phrase type labels.), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types)], } word -> element function type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (First, although certain types of noun targets can sometimes bear frame element labels, they are never assigned phrase type or grammatical function tags, as is shown in Figure ), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types)], } word -> Figure element function type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Likewise, frame elements annotated on any other layer than the first FE layer are never assigned grammatical function and phrase type labels cf.), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types)], } word -> function type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (on frame element conflation .), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Non-referential noun phrases, also called expletives, such as there in There was a row and it in It was raining , are not assigned frame element labels and consequently cannot have phrase types either.), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types), RefSection (List of phrase types), RefSection (Noun Phrase Types)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In contrast, head nouns that are frame elements of post-nominal modifiers are not treated as non-maximal nominals.), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types), RefSection (Phrase Type Labels for Noun Phrases), RefSection (Non-maximal Nominal N )], } word -> contrast OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (We treat as standard Noun Phrases all nominals that are not excluded as non-referential noun phrases---recall that these latter are not assigned frame elements, phrase types, and grammatical functions at all---or assigned the phrase type labels possessive Poss and non-maximal nominal N .), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types), RefSection (Phrase Type Labels for Noun Phrases), RefSection (Standard Noun Phrase NP )], } word -> standard type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( Since we have a commitment to tagging full constituents rather than only their headwords with frame element labels cf.), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types), RefSection (Phrase Type Labels for Noun Phrases), RefSection (Standard Noun Phrase NP )], } word -> commitment constituents element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (If the target word is inside the relative clause, we mark the prepositional phrase containing the relative pronoun or relativizer as a frame element as usual.), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types), RefSection (Phrase Type Labels for Prepositional Phrases), RefSection (Prepositional Phrases with Relative Clauses)], } word -> element target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The stranded preposition carries a frame element label and shares its phrase type PP and grammatical function Dep both with the relative phrase if there is one and with the antecedent.), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types), RefSection (Phrase Type Labels for Prepositional Phrases), RefSection (Prepositional Phrases with Relative Clauses)], } word -> element function label type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (These dependents should be extra-thematic frame elements such as Descriptor; there are no nouns that lexically require modification by a relative clause of any type.), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types), RefSection (Phrase Type Labels for Verb Phrases), RefSection (Non-finite Verb Phrases), RefSection (Verb Phrase Relatives VPtorel ), RefFootnote], } word -> Descriptor type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (The phrase type VPto discussed above, by contrast, is typically assigned to core and peripheral frame elements and occurs with targets from the three major lexical classes verbs, adjectives, nouns .), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types), RefSection (Phrase Type Labels for Verb Phrases), RefSection (Non-finite Verb Phrases), RefSection (Verb Phrase Relatives VPtorel ), RefFootnote], } word -> contrast type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (These modifying small clauses are said to figure in absolutive constructions, hence the name Sabs, and they are typically tagged as the extra-thematic frame elements ), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types), RefSection (Phrase Type Labels for Clauses)], } word -> figure name OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Typically, frame elements that are assigned the phrase type Sub have peripheral or extra-thematic status e.g., Time, Reason .), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types), RefSection (Phrase Type Labels for Clauses), RefSection (Subordinate Clauses Sub )], } word -> Reason Time status type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text ( In such cases, both the adjective and its complement have the same frame element label applied to them, and they are assigned the same grammatical function label.), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types), RefSection (Phrase Type Labels for Adjective Phrases), RefSection (Adjectives with Complements)], } word -> element function label OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Adverbs, too, may express frame elements of a target verb, as illustrated in examples 164 to 166 .), position = [RefChapter (Identifying Phrase Types), RefSection (Phrase Type Labels for Adverb Phrases AVP )], } word -> target OR1 , 2 , {dId = Chap-GFs.tex, dState = (1,1), } OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Each constituent tagged with a frame element in respect to a target word is assigned a phrase type as well as a grammatical function tag in respect to that target.), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions)], } word -> element function target type OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In fact, only constituents tagged with frame elements are assigned grammatical functions.), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions)], } word -> constituents fact OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (While target words are occasionally tagged with frame elements, they are never assigned a grammatical function.), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions)], } word -> function target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (, FrameNet records a coreness status for each frame element and therefore has no need to encode the obligatoriness or optionality of a constituent with distinct grammatical function labels.), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions)], } word -> element function status OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Before the marking of frame elements for coreness status was introduced, there was a Modifier-Complement distinction.), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions), RefFootnote], } word -> status OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Note also that although we generally do not annotate Determiners of noun targets, we use the grammatical functions Gen itive for possessive determiners of nouns and Quant for quantificational pre-determiners of nouns when these elements fill frame element roles.), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions)], } word -> element use OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (: like frame element labels, grammatical function labels are relative to particular target words.), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions), RefSection (Assigning GFs for Verbs), RefSection (External Argument Ext )], } word -> element function target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Although we are only interested in the valence properties of leave and not in the valence properties of gesture, we have chosen to annotate the full dependent constituent of the controller which contains the frame element of the target word.), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions), RefSection (Assigning GFs for Verbs), RefSection (External Argument Ext )], } word -> chosen dependent element target OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In the FrameNet annotation scheme, this distinction is captured via the coreness status assigned to a frame element and is not replicated in a grammatical function distinction.), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions), RefSection (Assigning GFs for Verbs), RefSection (Dependent Dep )], } word -> element function status OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text ( 24 , purpose clauses), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions), RefSection (Assigning GFs for Verbs), RefSection (Dependent Dep ), RefSection (PP Dependents)], } word -> purpose OR1 , 2 , {content = Text ( 25 , or other such expressions which can occur with very large classes of predicators still carry the same grammatical function Dependent as do core frame elements 26 - 28 .), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions), RefSection (Assigning GFs for Verbs), RefSection (Dependent Dep ), RefSection (PP Dependents)], } word -> Dependent function OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (use, the modified noun expresses an element of the frame associated with the adjective, and this is the same frame element which is typically expressed by the subject of the verb BE or other clausal predication in which the adjective occurs in predicate position , as shown below.), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions), RefSection (Assigning GFs for Adjectives), RefSection (Modified head nouns with pre-nominal adjectives)], } word -> element position predicate subject use OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (a relational use of an adjective, it is much more difficult to identify a specific frame element which is expressed by the modified noun.), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions), RefSection (Assigning GFs for Adjectives), RefSection (Modified head nouns with pre-nominal adjectives)], } word -> element use OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (is included in the frame element in line with the analysis of the frame element as an external argument of ), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions), RefSection (Assigning GFs for Adjectives), RefSection (Post-nominal adjectives)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (is also assigned to pre-nominal phrases of any type noun, adjective, gerund, or participle that fill frame element roles.), position = [RefChapter (Assigning Grammatical Functions), RefSection (Assigning GFs for Nouns), RefSection (Dependents of Nouns Dep )], } word -> element type OR1 , 2 , {dId = Chap-FrameRelations2.tex, dState = (1,1), } OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In such cases, frame elements of the complex frame may be identified mapped to the frame elements of the subparts, although not all frame elements of one need have any relation to the other.), position = [RefChapter (Semantic Relations), RefSection (Frame-to-frame Relations), RefSection (SubFrames)], } word -> complex OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In such cases, all of the frame elements, subframes, and semantic types of the parent have equally or more specific correspondents in the child frame.), position = [RefChapter (Semantic Relations), RefSection (Frame-to-frame Relations), RefSection (Frame Inheritance)], } word -> child OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (frame, evoked by concepts such as ), position = [RefChapter (Semantic Relations), RefSection (Frame-to-frame Relations), RefSection (Frame Inheritance)], } word -> concepts OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (This relationship does not imply any particular relationship between the Frame Elements or subframes of the frames involved.), position = [RefChapter (Semantic Relations), RefSection (Frame-to-frame Relations), RefSection (SeeAlso)], } word -> relationship OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (In such cases, the specific frame has a Using relationship with the schematic frame, and bindings between the Frame Elements and subframes may be specified.), position = [RefChapter (Semantic Relations), RefSection (Frame-to-frame Relations), RefSection (Using)], } word -> relationship OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (because it is not a simple subtype of a purely cognitive state.), position = [RefChapter (Semantic Relations), RefSection (Frame-to-frame Relations), RefSection (Using)], } word -> state subtype OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (either since it distributes the content of the ), position = [RefChapter (Semantic Relations), RefSection (Frame-to-frame Relations), RefSection (Using)], } word -> content OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (frame element over two frame elements, ), position = [RefChapter (Semantic Relations), RefSection (Frame-to-frame Relations), RefSection (Using)], } word -> element OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> ALL OF {content = Text (Note that the speaker may either refer to a frame element such as ), position = [RefChapter (Semantic Relations), RefSection (Semantic Type)], } word -> element speaker OR1 , 2 , {content = Text (, or to the author of the utterance containing the lexical unit.), position = [RefChapter (Semantic Relations), RefSection (Semantic Type)], } word -> author unit OR1 , 2 , {dId = Chap-RecentInnov.tex, dState = (1,1), } OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (For instance, as is documented in greater detail in the release notes, after systematically applying coreness status marking to all the frame elements in our database, we made sure that in each annotated sentence the core frame elements are accounted for either by annotation or by recording null instantiation.), position = [RefChapter (Current status of the project)], } word -> instance sentence status OR1 , 2 , OR1 , 2 context -> {content = Text (Similarly, we have checked whether the various relations that we have specified for frame elements within a frame---e.g., that one frame element requires or excludes the presence of another---are consistent with the annotated data.), position = [RefChapter (Current status of the project)], } word -> element OR1 , 2